Canada
|
|---|
|
|
Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin)
"From Sea to Sea" |
Anthem: "O Canada"
Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"[1][2] |
|
|
| Capital |
Ottawa
 45°24′N 75°40′W |
| Largest city |
Toronto |
| Official language(s) |
English and French |
| Recognised regional languages |
Chipewyan, Cree, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ[3] |
| Demonym |
Canadian |
| Government |
Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy[4] |
| - |
Monarch |
Elizabeth II |
| - |
Governor General |
David Johnston |
| - |
Prime Minister |
Stephen Harper |
| - |
Chief Justice |
Beverley McLachlin |
| Legislature |
Parliament |
| - |
Upper house |
Senate |
| - |
Lower house |
House of Commons |
| Establishment |
| - |
Constitution Act, 1867 |
July 1, 1867 |
| - |
Statute of Westminster |
December 11, 1931 |
| - |
Canada Act |
April 17, 1982 |
| Area |
| - |
Total |
9,984,670 km2 (2nd)
3,854,085 sq mi |
| - |
Water (%) |
8.92 (891,163 km2/344,080 mi2) |
| Population |
| - |
2012 estimate |
34,796,000[5] (35th) |
| - |
2011 census |
33,476,688[6] |
| - |
Density |
3.41/km2 (228th)
8.3/sq mi |
| GDP (PPP) |
2011 estimate |
| - |
Total |
$1.391 trillion[7] (14th) |
| - |
Per capita |
$40,457[7] (15th) |
| GDP (nominal) |
2011 estimate |
| - |
Total |
$1.758 trillion[7] (11th) |
| - |
Per capita |
$51,147[7] (10th) |
| Gini (2005) |
32.1[8] (medium) |
| HDI (2011) |
 0.908[9] (very high) (6th) |
| Currency |
Canadian dollar ($) (CAD) |
| Time zone |
(UTC−3.5 to −8) |
| - |
Summer (DST) |
(UTC−2.5 to −7) |
| Date formats |
dd-mm-yyyy, mm-dd-yyyy, and yyyy-mm-dd (CE) |
| Drives on the |
Right |
| ISO 3166 code |
CA |
| Internet TLD |
.ca |
| Calling code |
+1 |
| Canada portal |
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of
ten provinces and three territories.
Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the
Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and
northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9.9 million square
kilometres, Canada is
the world's second-largest country by total area, and its
common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various groups of
Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century,
British and
French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of
its colonies in North America in 1763 after the
Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three
British North American colonies through
Confederation, Canada was formed as a
federal dominion of four provinces. This began an
accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the
Balfour Declaration of 1926 and reaffirmed by the
Statute of Westminster of 1931, which declared self-governing
dominions within the
British Empire to be equal. The
Canada Act of 1982 finally severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the
British Parliament.
Canada is a federal state that is governed as a
parliamentary democracy and a
constitutional monarchy with Queen
Elizabeth II as its
head of state. It is a
bilingual nation with both
English and
French as official languages at the federal level. One of the world's most highly-
developed countries,
Canada has a diversified economy that is reliant upon its abundant
natural resources and upon trade – particularly with the United States,
with which Canada has had a
long and complex relationship. It is a member of the
G7,
G8,
G20,
NATO,
OECD,
WTO,
Commonwealth of Nations,
Francophonie,
OAS,
APEC, and UN. With the
sixth-highest Human Development Index globally, Canada has one of the highest
standards of living and
per capita income in the world.
Etymology
Main article:
Name of Canada
The name
Canada comes from the
St. Lawrence Iroquoian word
kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".
[10] In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day
Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer
Jacques Cartier to the village of
Stadacona.
[11] Cartier later used the word
Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but also the entire area subject to
Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as
Canada.
[11]
In the 17th and early 18th centuries, "
Canada" referred to the part of
New France that lay along the
St. Lawrence River and the northern shores of the
Great Lakes. The area was later split into two British colonies,
Upper Canada and
Lower Canada. They were re-unified as the
Province of Canada in 1841.
[12] Upon
Confederation in 1867,
Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and the word
Dominion was conferred as the country's title.
[13] However, as Canada asserted its political autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government increasingly used simply
Canada on state documents and treaties, a change that was reflected in the renaming of the national holiday from
Dominion Day to
Canada Day in 1982.
[14]
History
Aboriginal peoples
Archaeological studies and
analyses of DNA haplogroups have indicated a human presence in the northern
Yukon region from 26,500 years ago, and in southern
Ontario from 9,500 years ago (7500 BC).
[15][16][17] The
Paleo-Indian archaeological sites at
Old Crow Flats and
Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.
[18][19][20]
The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent
settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading
networks.
[21][22]
Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers
arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, and have only been
discovered through archaeological investigations.
[23]
The
aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 200,000
[24] and two million in the late 15th century,
[25] with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health.
[26] Repeated outbreaks of European
infectious diseases such as
influenza,
measles, and
smallpox,
combined with other effects of European contact, resulted in a forty-
to eighty-percent population decrease among aboriginal peoples in the
centuries after the European arrival.
[24] Aboriginal peoples in Canada include the
First Nations,
[27] Inuit,
[28] and
Métis.
[29] The Métis are a
mixed-blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations people and Inuit married European settlers.
[30] The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the colonization period.
[31]
European colonization
The first known attempt at
European colonization began when
Norsemen settled briefly at
L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland around 1000 AD.
[32] No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer
John Cabot explored Canada's Atlantic coast for England.
[33] Basque and Portuguese mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century.
[34] In 1534,
Jacques Cartier
explored the St. Lawrence River for France, where on July 24, he
planted a 10 meter cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of
France" and took possession of the territory in the name of King
Francis I of France.
[35]
In 1583, Sir
Humphrey Gilbert claimed
St. John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American
English colony by the
royal prerogative of
Queen Elizabeth I.
[36] French explorer
Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603, and established the first permanent European settlements at
Port Royal in 1605 and
Quebec City in 1608. Among the
French colonists of New France,
Canadiens extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley and
Acadians settled the present-day
Maritimes, while
fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes,
Hudson Bay, and the
Mississippi watershed to
Louisiana. The
Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the
North American fur trade.
[37]
The English established additional colonies in
Cupids and
Ferryland,
Newfoundland, beginning in 1610. The
Thirteen Colonies were founded to the south soon after.
[34] A series of four
French and Indian Wars erupted between 1689 and 1763.
[38] Mainland
Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713
Treaty of Utrecht; the
Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded Canada and most of New France to
Britain after the
Seven Years' War.
[39]
The
Royal Proclamation of 1763 created the
Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed
Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia.
[14] St. John's Island (now
Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769.
[40] To avert conflict in Quebec, the British passed the
Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and
Ohio Valley.
It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil
law there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies,
fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1776 outbreak
of the
American Revolution.
[14]
The
Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized American independence and ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States.
New Brunswick
was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist
settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists
in Quebec, the
Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking
Lower Canada (later
Quebec) and English-speaking
Upper Canada (later
Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.
[41]
The Canadas were the main front in the
War of 1812
between the United States and Britain. Following the war, large-scale
immigration to Canada from Britain and Ireland began in 1815.
[25] Between 1825 and 1846, 626,628 European immigrants reportedly landed at Canadian ports.
[43] Between one-quarter and one-third of all Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891 died of infectious diseases.
[24]
The desire for
responsible government in the Canadas resulted in the abortive
Rebellions of 1837. The
Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture.
[14] The
Act of Union 1840 merged The Canadas into a united
Province of Canada. Responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849.
[44] The signing of the
Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the
Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the
49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on
Vancouver Island (1849) and in
British Columbia (1858).
[45]
Confederation and expansion
Following several constitutional conferences, the
1867 Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces –
Ontario,
Quebec,
Nova Scotia, and
New Brunswick.
[46][47][48] Canada assumed control of
Rupert's Land and the
North-Western Territory to form the
Northwest Territories, where the Métis' grievances ignited the
Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of
Manitoba in July 1870.
[49] British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which
had been united in 1866) joined the Confederation in 1871, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.
[50] Prime Minister
John A. Macdonald and his
Conservative government established a
National Policy of
tariffs to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries.
[48]
To open the West, the government sponsored the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the
Canadian Pacific Railway), opened the prairies to settlement with the
Dominion Lands Act, and established the
North-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory.
[51][52] In 1898, during the
Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, the Canadian government created the Yukon Territory. Under the
Liberal Prime Minister
Wilfrid Laurier, continental European immigrants settled the prairies, and
Alberta and
Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905.
[50]
Early 20th century
Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs
under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1914
automatically brought Canada into World War I. Volunteers sent to the
Western Front later became part of the
Canadian Corps. The Corps played a substantial role in the
Battle of Vimy Ridge and other major engagements of the war.
[53] Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I, around 60,000 were killed and another 173,000 were wounded.
[54] The
Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when conservative Prime Minister
Robert Borden brought in
compulsory military service over the objections of French-speaking Quebecers. In 1919, Canada joined the
League of Nations independently of Britain,
[53] and the
1931 Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada's independence.
[4]
The
Great Depression of the early 1930s brought great economic hardship to Canada. In response to the downturn, the
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a
welfare state (as pioneered by
Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950s.
[55] Canada
declared war on Germany independently during World War II under Liberal Prime Minister
William Lyon Mackenzie King, three days after Britain. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939.
[53]
Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942
Dieppe Raid, the
Allied invasion of Italy, the
Normandy landings, the
Battle of Normandy, and the
Battle of the Scheldt in 1944.
[53] Canada provided asylum for the
monarchy of the
Netherlands while that country was occupied, and is credited by the country for major contributions to its liberation from
Nazi Germany.
[56] The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military
materiel for Canada, Britain, China, and the
Soviet Union.
[53] Despite another
Conscription Crisis in Quebec, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.
[57]
Modern times
The
Dominion of Newfoundland (now
Newfoundland and Labrador) was unified with Canada in 1949.
[58] Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new
Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the current
Maple Leaf Flag in 1965,
[59] the implementation of
official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969,
[60] and the institution of
official multiculturalism in 1971.
[61] Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as
Medicare, the
Canada Pension Plan, and
Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.
[62] Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the 1982
patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
[63] In 1999,
Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.
[64]
At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the
Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a modern
nationalist movement. The radical
Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the
October Crisis in 1970,
[65] and the
sovereignist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful
referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the
Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990.
[66] This led to the formation of the
Bloc Québécois in Quebec and the invigoration of the
Reform Party of Canada in the
West.
[67][68] A
second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of just 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1997, the
Supreme Court ruled that
unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional, and the
Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.
[66]
In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises
shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included
the explosion of
Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;
[69] the
École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a
university shooting targeting female students;
[70] and the
Oka Crisis of 1990,
[71] the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Aboriginal groups.
[72] Canada also joined the
Gulf War in 1990 as part of a US-led coalition force, and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the late 1990s.
[73] Canada sent
troops to Afghanistan in 2001, but declined to send forces to Iraq when the US
invaded in 2003.
[74] In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the
Libyan civil war.
[75]
Geography
Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing the land borders with the
contiguous United States to the south and the US state of
Alaska
to the northwest. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east
to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean.
[76][77] By total area (including its waters), Canada is the
second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, Canada
ranks fourth.
[77]
The country lies between latitudes
41° and
84°N, and longitudes
52° and
141°W. Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between
60° and 141°W
longitude,
[78] but this claim is not universally recognized. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement,
Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of
Ellesmere Island – latitude 82.5°N – which lies 817 kilometres (508 mi) from the North Pole.
[79] Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and
permafrost. Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of 202,080 kilometres (125,570 mi);
[77]
additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest
land border, stretching over 8,890 kilometres (5,520 mi).
[80]
Since the end of the last
glacial period, Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive
boreal forest on the Canadian Shield.
[82] Canada has more lakes than any other country, containing much of the world's
fresh water.
[83] There are also fresh-water glaciers in the
Canadian Rockies and the
Coast Mountains. Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably
Mount Meager,
Mount Garibaldi,
Mount Cayley, and the
Mount Edziza volcanic complex.
[84] The volcanic eruption of the
Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing 2,000
Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the
Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi)
lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.
[85]
Canada's population density, at 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre
(8.5 /sq mi), is among the lowest in the world. The most densely
populated part of the country is the
Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, situated in Southern Quebec and
Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.
[86]
Average winter and summer high
temperatures across Canada
vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the
country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which
experience a
continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °
C (5 °
F), but can drop below
−40 °C (−40 °F) with severe
wind chills.
[87]
In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months
of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round.
Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy
winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are
generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the
average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F),
with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding
40 °C (104 °F).
[88]
Government and politics
Canada has a strong democratic tradition, upheld through a
parliamentary system within the context of a
constitutional monarchy, the
monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive,
legislative, and
judicial branches.
[89][90][91][92] The sovereign is Queen
Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of
15 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's ten provinces and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queen's representative, the
Governor General of Canada (presently
David Lloyd Johnston), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.
[93][94]
The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited;
[91][95][96] in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by
the Cabinet, a committee of
ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected
House of Commons and chosen and headed by the
Prime Minister of Canada (presently
Stephen Harper[97]), the
head of government, though the governor general or monarch may in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial
advice.
[n 1]
To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will
usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader
of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a
plurality in the House of Commons.
[98] The
Prime Minister's Office
(PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government,
initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for
appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor
general,
lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of
Crown corporations and government agencies.
[95] The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the
Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (presently
Thomas Mulcair) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.
[99]
Each of the 308 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an
electoral district
or riding. General elections must be called by the governor general, on
the advice of the prime minister, within four years of the previous
election, or may be triggered by the government losing a
confidence vote in the House.
[100] The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75.
[101] Five parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2011 elections: the
Conservative Party of Canada (governing party), the
New Democratic Party (the
Official Opposition), the
Liberal Party of Canada, the
Bloc Québécois, and the
Green Party of Canada. The list of
historical parties with elected representation is substantial.
Canada's federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces.
Provincial legislatures are
unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons.
[96]
Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not
sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the
provinces and with some structural differences.
[102][103]
Law
Main article:
Law of Canada
The
Constitution of Canada
is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and
unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the
British North America Act
prior to 1982) affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and
divided powers between the federal and provincial governments; the
Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy; and the
Constitution Act, 1982, ended all legislative ties to the UK, added a constitutional amending formula, and added the
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be overridden by any government – though a
notwithstanding clause
allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override
certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years.
[104]
Although not without conflict,
European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful.
The Crown and Aboriginal peoples began
interactions during the European colonialization period.
Numbered Treaties, the
Indian Act, the Constitution Act of 1982, and case laws were established.
[105] A series of eleven treaties were signed between Aboriginals in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada from 1871 to 1921.
[106] These treaties are agreements with the Government of Canada administered by
Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. The role of the treaties was reaffirmed by
Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982, which "recognizes and affirms existing Aboriginal and treaty rights".
[105] These rights may include provision of services such as health care, and exemption from taxation.
[107]
The legal and policy framework within which Canada and First Nations
operate was further formalized in 2005, through the First
Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord.
[105]
Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and
has the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. The
Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led by the Chief Justice
Beverley McLachlin, P.C. (the first female Chief Justice) since 2000.
[108]
Its nine members are appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the Prime Minister and Minister of Justice. All judges at the superior
and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with
nongovernmental legal bodies. The federal cabinet also appoints justices
to superior courts at the provincial and territorial levels.
[109]
Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where
civil law predominates.
Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada.
[110]
Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is a provincial
responsibility, but in rural areas of all provinces except Ontario and
Quebec, policing is contracted to the federal
Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
[111]
Foreign relations and military
Prime Minister Stephen Harper meeting President of the United States
Barack Obama in 2009.
Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended
border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each
other's largest trading partner.
[112] Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with
Cuba and declining to officially participate in the
2003 invasion of Iraq.
Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France
and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's
membership in the
Commonwealth of Nations and the
Francophonie.
[113] Canada is noted for having a positive
relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.
[56]
Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of
over 67,000 regular personnel and approximately 43,000 reserve
personnel, including supplementary reserves.
[114] The unified
Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the
Royal Canadian Navy,
Canadian Army, and
Royal Canadian Air Force.
Canada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the
Second Boer War,
World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate
for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in
collaboration with other nations.
[115][116] Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and of
NATO in 1949. During the
Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the
Korean War and founded the
North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in cooperation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the
Soviet Union.
[117]
During the
Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister
Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the
United Nations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957
Nobel Peace Prize.
[118]
As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often
credited as the inventor of the concept. Canada has since served in 50
peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until
1989,
[53] and has since maintained forces in international missions in
Rwanda, the former
Yugoslavia, and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993
Somalia Affair.
[119]
Canada joined the
Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in
Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001.
[120] Canada seeks to expand its ties to
Pacific Rim economies through membership in the
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).
[121]
In 2001, Canada had troops deployed to
Afghanistan as part of the
US stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded
International Security Assistance Force.
Starting in July 2011, Canada began withdrawing its troops from
Afghanistan. The mission had cost 158 soldiers, one diplomat, two aid
workers, and one journalist their lives,
[122] with an approximate cost of
C$11.3 billion.
[123] Canada and the US continue to integrate state and provincial agencies to strengthen security along the
Canada-United States border through the
Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative.
[124]
In February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom,
Norway,
and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project
to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other
countries to join them.
[125] In August 2007, Canada's
territorial claims in the Arctic were challenged after a
Russian underwater expedition to the
North Pole; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925.
[126] In July 2010, the federal government announced the largest purchase in
Canadian military history – the acquisition of 65
F-35 Lightning II jet fighters, totalling C$9 billion.
[127] Between March and October 2011, Canadian forces participated in a UN-mandated NATO intervention into the
2011 Libyan civil war.
[128]
Provinces and territories
Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three
territories. In turn, these may be
grouped into regions: Western Canada, Central Canada,
Atlantic Canada,
and Northern Canada (Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and
Atlantic Canada together). Provinces have more autonomy than
territories. The provinces are responsible for most of Canada's social
programs (such as
health care,
education,
and welfare) and together collect more revenue than the federal
government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world.
Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national
policies in provincial areas, such as the
Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice.
Equalization payments
are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform
standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and
poorer provinces.
[129]
A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals.
Economy
Canada is one of the world's
wealthiest nations, with a 2011
nominal GDP of approximately US$1.75 trillion,
[7] and a very high per-capita income. It is a member of the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the
G8, and is one of the world's top ten trading nations.
[130] Canada is a
mixed economy, ranking above the US and most western European nations on the
Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom.
[131] The largest foreign importers of Canadian goods are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan.
[132]
In the past century, the growth of Canada's manufacturing, mining,
and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural
economy to an advanced, urbanized, industrial one. Like many other
First World nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the
service industry, which employs about three-quarters of the country's workforce.
[133] However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its
primary sector, in which the logging and
petroleum industries are two of the most prominent elements.
[134]
Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy.
[135] Atlantic Canada possesses vast
offshore deposits of natural gas, and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources. The immense
Athabasca oil sands give Canada the world's second-largest proven
oil reserves, after
Saudi Arabia.
[136]
Canada is additionally one of the world's largest suppliers of
agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most
important global producers of wheat,
canola, and other grains.
[137] Canada is the largest producer of
zinc and
uranium, and is a leading exporter of many other natural resources, such as gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead.
[135]
Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are
sustainable because of nearby mines or sources of timber. Canada also
has a sizable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and
Quebec, with automobiles and
aeronautics representing particularly important industries.
[138]
The Canadian economy is dominated by the
service industry, which employs about three-quarters of the national workforce.
Canada's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. The
Automotive Products Trade Agreement
of 1965 opened the country's borders to trade in the automobile
manufacturing industry. In the 1970s, concerns over energy
self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectors
prompted Prime Minister
Pierre Trudeau's Liberal government to enact the
National Energy Program (NEP) and the
Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA).
[139] In the 1980s, Prime Minister
Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to "
Investment Canada", in order to encourage foreign investment.
[140] The
Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include
Mexico in 1994.
[137] In the mid-1990s, the Liberal government under
Jean Chrétien began to post annual budgetary surpluses, and steadily paid down the national debt.
[141]
In 2008, Canada's imported goods were worth over $442.9 billion, of
which $280.8 billion originated from the United States, $11.7 billion
from Japan, and $11.3 billion from the United Kingdom.
[132] The country’s 2009
trade deficit totaled C$4.8 billion, compared with a C$46.9 billion surplus in 2008.
[142]
The
global financial crisis of 2008 caused a
major recession, which led to rising unemployment in Canada.
[143]
As of October 2009, Canada's national unemployment rate stands at 8.6
percent. Provincial unemployment rates vary from a low of 5.8 percent in
Manitoba to a high of 17 percent in Newfoundland and Labrador.
[144]
Between October 2008 and October 2010, the Canadian labour market lost
162,000 full-time jobs and a total of 224,000 permanent jobs.
[145] Canada's federal debt is estimated to total $566.7 billion for the 2010–11
fiscal year, up from $463.7 billion in 2008–09.
[146] Canada’s net
foreign debt rose by $41 billion to $194 billion in the first quarter of 2010.
[147]
Science and technology
Canada is an
industrialized nation,
with one of the world's most highly-developed science and technology
sectors. In 2011, nearly 1.88% of Canada's GDP was allocated to
research and development (R&D).
[148] The country has produced ten
Nobel laureates in
physics,
chemistry and
medicine,
[149] and is home to a number of leading global technology firms, such as
smartphone maker
Research In Motion.
[150]
Canada ranks twelfth in the world for Internet users as a proportion of
the population, with 28 million users (equivalent to 84.3% of its total
population).
[151]
The
Canadian Space Agency operates one of the world's most active
space programs, conducting space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. In 1984,
Marc Garneau became Canada's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist on the
STS-41-G Space Shuttle mission. As of 2012, nine Canadians have flown into space, over the course of fifteen manned missions.
[152]
Canada is a participant in the
International Space Station, and is a pioneer in space
robotics, having constructed the
Canadarm,
Canadarm2 and
Dextre robotic manipulators. Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built 10 marques of satellite, including
Radarsat-1,
Radarsat-2 and
MOST.
[153] Canada has also produced a successful and widely-used
sounding rocket, the
Black Brant; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.
[154] In addition, Canadian universities are working on the first domestic
landing spacecraft, the
Northern Light, which is designed to search for life on
Mars and investigate the Martian atmosphere and electromagnetic radiation environment.
[155]
Demographics
| Historical populations |
| Year |
Pop. |
±% |
| 1851 |
2,415,000 |
— |
| 1861 |
3,174,000 |
+31.4% |
| 1871 |
3,689,000 |
+16.2% |
| 1881 |
4,325,000 |
+17.2% |
| 1891 |
4,833,000 |
+11.7% |
| 1901 |
5,371,000 |
+11.1% |
| 1911 |
7,207,000 |
+34.2% |
| 1921 |
8,788,000 |
+21.9% |
| 1931 |
10,377,000 |
+18.1% |
| 1941 |
11,507,000 |
+10.9% |
| 1951 |
14,009,000 |
+21.7% |
| 1961 |
18,238,000 |
+30.2% |
| 1971 |
21,962,000 |
+20.4% |
| 1981 |
24,820,000 |
+13.0% |
| 1991 |
28,031,000 |
+12.9% |
| 2001 |
31,021,000 |
+10.7% |
| 2011 |
33,476,000 |
+7.9% |
| Source: Statistics Canada[156][6] |
The
2011 Canadian census counted a
total population of 33,476,688, an increase of around 5.9% over the 2006 figure.
[6][157]
Between 1990 and 2008, the population of Canada increased by 5.6
million, equivalent to 20.4% growth, compared to 21.7% growth in the
United States and 31.2% growth in
Mexico over the same period. According to
OECD/
World Bank population statistics, the
world population grew by 27%, or 1.423 billion people, between 1990 and 2008.
[158] The main drivers of population growth in Canada are
immigration
and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About four-fifths of Canada's
population lives within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the United States
border.
[159] The majority of Canadians (approximately 80%) live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, the BC
Lower Mainland, and the
Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta.
[160] In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing a
demographic shift
towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of
working age. In 2006, the average age of the population was 39.5 years.
[161]
According to the
2006 census, the country's largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian (accounting for 32% of the population), followed by
English (21%),
French (15.8%),
Scottish (15.1%),
Irish (13.9%),
German (10.2%),
Italian (4.6%),
Chinese (4.3%),
First Nations (4.0%),
Ukrainian (3.9%), and
Dutch (3.3%).
[162] There are 600 recognized
First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 people.
[163]
Canada's aboriginal population is growing at almost twice the
national rate, and 3.8% of Canada's population claimed aboriginal
identity in 2006. Another 16.2% of the population belonged to a
non-aboriginal
visible minority.
[164] The largest visible minority groups in Canada are South Asian (4.0%), Chinese (3.9%) and
Black (2.5%). Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2%.
[165]
In 1961, less than 2% of Canada's population (about 300,000 people)
could be classified as belonging to a visible minority group, and less
than 1% as aboriginal.
[166]
As of 2007, almost one in five Canadians (19.8%) were foreign-born.
Nearly 60% of new immigrants come from Asia (including the Middle East).
[167] The leading emigrating countries to Canada were China, Philippines and India.
[168] By 2031, one in three Canadians could belong to a visible minority group.
[169]
Canada has one of the
highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,
[170] driven by
economic policy and
family reunification, and is aiming for between 240,000 and 265,000 new permanent residents in 2012,
[171] the same number of immigrants as in recent years.
[172] In 2010, a record 280,636 people immigrated to Canada.
[173] New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas like Toronto and Vancouver.
[174] Canada also accepts large numbers of
refugees.
[175] The country resettles over one in 10 of the world’s refugees.
[176]
According to the 2001 census, 77.1% of Canadians identify as being
Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for
43.6% of the population. The largest
Protestant denomination is the
United Church of Canada (accounting for 9.5% of Canadians), followed by
Anglicans (6.8%),
Baptists (2.4%),
Lutherans (2%), and other Christian denominations (4.4%). About 16.5% of Canadians declare
no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3% are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which are
Islam (2.0%) and Judaism (1.1%).
[177]
Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for
education.
Each system is similar, while reflecting regional history, culture and
geography. The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years,
[178] contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99%.
[77]
In 2002, 43% of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post-secondary
education; for those aged 25 to 34, the rate of post-secondary education
reached 51%.
[179]
|
Largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population (2011 Census) |
|
| Name |
Province |
Population |
|
|
Name |
Province |
Population |
|
| Toronto |
Ontario |
5,583,064 |
|
|
London |
Ontario |
474,786 |
| Montreal |
Quebec |
3,824,221 |
|
|
St. Catharines–Niagara |
Ontario |
392,184 |
| Vancouver |
British Columbia |
2,313,328 |
|
|
Halifax |
Nova Scotia |
390,328 |
| Ottawa–Gatineau |
Ontario–Quebec |
1,236,324 |
|
|
Oshawa |
Ontario |
356,177 |
| Calgary |
Alberta |
1,214,839 |
|
|
Victoria |
British Columbia |
344,615 |
| Edmonton |
Alberta |
1,159,869 |
|
|
Windsor |
Ontario |
319,246 |
| Quebec |
Quebec |
765,706 |
|
|
Saskatoon |
Saskatchewan |
260,600 |
| Winnipeg |
Manitoba |
730,018 |
|
|
Regina |
Saskatchewan |
210,556 |
| Hamilton |
Ontario |
721,053 |
|
|
Sherbrooke |
Quebec |
201,890 |
| Kitchener–Cambridge-Waterloo |
Ontario |
477,160 |
|
|
St. John's |
Newfoundland and Labrador |
196,966 |
Language
In 2006, about 17.4% of the population were reportedly bilingual, being
able to conduct a conversation in both official languages.
English – 57.8%
English and French (Bilingual) – 17.4%
French – 22.1%
Sparsely populated area ( < 0.4 persons per km2)
Canada's two official languages are
Canadian English and
Canadian French.
Official bilingualism is defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the
Official Languages Act, and
Official Language Regulations; it is applied by the
Commissioner of Official Languages.
English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and
in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is
sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either
English or French, and official-language minorities are guaranteed their
own schools in all provinces and territories.
[180]
English and French are the
first languages
of 59.7% and 23.2% of the population respectively. Approximately 98% of
Canadians speak English or French: 57.8% speak English only, 22.1%
speak French only, and 17.4% speak both.
[181]
English and French Official Language Communities, defined by First
Official Language Spoken, constitute 73.0 and 23.6% of the population
respectively.
[182]
The
Charter of the French Language makes French the official language in Quebec.
[183] Although more than 85% of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial
Francophone populations in
Ontario,
Alberta, and southern
Manitoba; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.
[184]
New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a
French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33% of the population.
There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape
Breton Island, and through central and western Prince Edward Island.
[185]
Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is
used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government
services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow
for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures,
and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some
legal status, but is not fully co-official.
[186] There are 11
Aboriginal language groups, composed of more than 65 distinct dialects.
[187] Of these, only the Cree,
Inuktitut and
Ojibway languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to
survive in the long term.
[188] Several aboriginal languages have official status in the Northwest Territories.
[189] Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory.
[190]
In 2005, over six million people in Canada listed a non-official
language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common non-official
first languages include Chinese (mainly
Cantonese; 1,012,065 first-language speakers), Italian (455,040), German (450,570),
Punjabi (367,505) and Spanish (345,345).
[191] English and French are the most-spoken home languages, being spoken at home by 68.3% and 22.3% of the population respectively.
[192]
Culture
Bill Reid's 1980 sculpture
Raven and The First Men. The Raven is a figure common to many of Canada's Aboriginal mythologies.
Canadian society is often depicted as being "very progressive, diverse, and
multicultural".
[193]
Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent
nationalities, and policies that promote multiculturalism are
constitutionally protected.
[194] In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a
culture of Quebec that is distinct from English Canadian culture.
[195] However, as a whole, Canada is in theory a
cultural mosaic – a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.
[196] Government policies such as
publicly-funded health care,
higher taxation to
distribute wealth, outlawing
capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate
poverty, an emphasis on multiculturalism, stricter
gun control, and legalization of
same-sex marriage are social indicators of Canada's political and cultural values.
[197]
Historically, Canada has been influenced by
British,
French, and aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through their language,
art and
music, aboriginal peoples continue to influence the
Canadian identity.
[198] Many Canadians value multiculturalism and see Canada as being inherently multicultural.
[63]
American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in
English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and
entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.
[199]
Many cultural products are marketed toward a unified "North American"
or global market. The preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is
supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as
the
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the
National Film Board of Canada, and the
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.
[200]
Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as
Tom Thomson – the country's most famous painter – and by the
Group of Seven. Thomson's career painting Canadian landscapes spanned just a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39.
[201]
The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who
first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to
as having seven members, five artists –
Lawren Harris,
A. Y. Jackson,
Arthur Lismer,
J. E. H. MacDonald, and
Frederick Varley – were responsible for articulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by
Frank Johnston, and by commercial artist
Franklin Carmichael.
A. J. Casson became part of the Group in 1926.
[202] Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist,
Emily Carr, known for her landscapes and portrayals of the
indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast.
[203]
The
Canadian music industry has produced internationally renowned
composers,
musicians and
ensembles.
[204] Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The
Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada's music industry awards, the
Juno Awards, which were first awarded in 1970.
[205] The national anthem of Canada
O Canada adopted in 1980, was originally commissioned by the
Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Honourable
Théodore Robitaille, for the 1880
St. Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony.
[206] Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir
Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906.
[207]
Canada's official national sports are
ice hockey and
lacrosse.
[208] Hockey is a
national pastime
and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the
sport most played by Canadians, with 1.65 million participants reported
in 2004. Seven of Canada's eight largest metropolitan areas – Toronto,
Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg – have
franchises in the
National Hockey League
(NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the NHL than from all
other countries combined. Other popular spectator sports include
curling and
football; the latter is played professionally in the
Canadian Football League (CFL). Golf, baseball,
skiing, soccer,
cricket, volleyball,
rugby league and basketball are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not widespread.
[209]
Canada has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the
1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the
1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, and the
2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Canada was the host nation for the
2010 Winter Olympics in
Vancouver and
Whistler, British Columbia.
[210]
Canada's national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and Aboriginal sources. The use of the
maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's
current and
previous flags, on the
penny, and on the
Arms of Canada.
[211] Other prominent symbols include the
beaver,
Canada Goose,
Common Loon, the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police,
[211] and more recently, the
totem pole and
Inuksuk.
[212]
See also
Notes
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- ^ Official Languages Act. Territorial Printer. 2004. p. 4.
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Título: The Walking Dead
